Teaching aims

Enable the students to master the v-ing form used as an adverbial

Teaching important &difficult points

How to enable the students to know v-ing form used as an adverbial

Teaching aids

tape recorder, slides

Teaching procedures

Step1 Lead in

Examine the sentences below and tell the similarity and difference between these two sentences.

Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater.

Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take my notice.

The –ing form can be used as an adverbial in a sentence to give information about time, reasons or results. We use the construction having+past participle to refer to an action that took place before the time expressed by the main verb.