A
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
(2020·北京通州一模)
Infectious diseases and associated deaths have reduced，but they remain a significant threat throughout the world.Infectious diseases outbreaks and the fear and panic that accompany them present various economic risks.
First，there are costs to the health system，both public and private，of medical treatment of the infected and of outbreak control.Concern over the spread of a relatively contained outbreak can lead to decreased trade.Travel and tourism to regions affected by outbreaks are also likely to decline.Some long-running outbreaks，such as HIV，prevent foreign direct investment.
The economic risks are large.It is estimated that the expected yearly cost of infectious diseases is at roughly $500 billion.Even when the health impact of an outbreak is relatively limited，its economic consequences can quickly become expanded.Liberia，for example，saw GDP growth decline 8 percentages from 2013 to 2014 during the Ebola outbreak in Africa.
The risk is complex，but policymakers have tools in response.
Investing in improved health care，supply of clean water，and better health systems can reduce the frequency of human contact with viruses.Investment in reliable disease monitoring in both human and animal populations is also critical.Within formal global watch systems，instead of discouraging reporting possible outbreaks，it may be beneficial to develop incentives for reporting suspected cases，as countries may reasonably fear the effects of such reporting on trade，tourism，and other economic outcomes.Informal monitoring systems，social media for example，which collect information from official reports，media reports，online discussions，and eyewitness observations，can also help national health systems and international responders get ahead of the outbreak news during the early stages.Cooperations for monitoring infectious diseases readiness at the national level provide information national governments can use to react timely to their outbreaks.
There is a significant market failure when it comes to vaccines(疫苗) against individual low-probability viruses that collectively are likely to cause panic.Given the low probability that any single vaccine of this type will be needed，high Research and Development(R&D) costs，and delayed returns，medical companies hesitate to invest in their development.However，responsible international corporations such as CFPI can overcome this market failure.Its goals include advancing candidate vaccines against specific low-probability，high-severity viruses through proof of concept to enable rapid clinical testing in the event of outbreaks.It also aims to fund development of institutional and technical platforms to speed R&D in response to outbreaks for which there are no vaccines.
Undoubtedly，humans and infectious viruses will coexist.However，we can take effective measures to manage the risk of the diseases.Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward protecting our collective well-being in the future.
1．What does the underlined word “incentives” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Habits. B．Opinions.
C．Arguments D．Rewards.
2．CFPI is a special company which .
A．is able to predict the trend of the market
B．develops vaccines against infectious viruses
C．makes huge profits by selling general medicine
D．employs staff who graduate from famous universities
3．What does the passage imply?
A．More importance should be attached to health care systems.
B．All-level cooperations are required to handle infectious diseases.
C．It will not be long before mankind thoroughly defeats the viruses.
D．Technologies hold the key to the settlement of medical problems.
4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Health Risks and Research of Infectious Diseases
B．Global Cooperation and Spread of Infectious Diseases
C．Economic Impact and Solutions of Infectious Diseases
D．Medical Service and Development of Infectious Diseases
【答案】 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.C
【解析】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了传染性疾病会使人们恐惧，使社会面临巨大经济风险。但通过改善医疗保险、清洁水的供应和更好的卫生系统可以减少人类接触病毒的频率。此外，地方、国家和国与国之间的多层面合作也有助于控制传染性疾病。
1．词义猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“Within formal global watch systems，instead of discouraging reporting possible outbreaks，it may be beneficial to develop incentives for reporting suspected cases，as countries may reasonably fear the effects of such reporting on trade，tourism，and other economic outcomes.”可知，在全球检测系统中，与其阻止报告可能的疫情，还不如发展报告疑似病例的incentive，因为各国可能有理由担心报告对贸易、旅游和其它经济成果的影响。划线词所在的上下文是转折关系。根据上文的discouraging推测划线部分的意思是“奖励”。D.Rewards.(奖励。)符合以上说法。故选D项。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“However，responsible international corporations such as CFPI can overcome this market failure.Its goals include advancing candidate vaccines against specific low-probability，high-severity viruses through proof of concept to enable rapid clinical testing in the event of outbreaks.”(然而，像CFPI这样负责任的国际公司可以克服这种市场失灵。它的目标包括通过概念验证，推进针对特定低概率、高严重性病毒的候选疫苗，以便在疫情发生时能够进行快速临床实验。)可知，CFPI是一个研发抗传染病毒疫苗的公司。B.develops vaccines against infectious viruses(开发抗传染性病毒的疫苗)符合以上说法。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Infectious diseases and associated deaths have reduced，but they remain a significant threat throughout the world.”(传染病和相关死亡已经减少，但它们仍然是全世界的重大威胁。)和最后一段的“However，we can take effective measures to manage the risk of the diseases.Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward protecting our collective well-being in the future.”(然而，我们可以采取积极的措施来管理疾病的风险。现在地方、国家和多国层面采取联合活动，这可以大大有助于在适当的时候保护我们所有人平安。)可推测，传染性疾病的控制需要所有层面的合作。B.All-level cooperations are required to handle infectious diseases.(解决传染性疾病需要各个层面的合作。)符合以上说法。故选B项。
4．标题归纳题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第一段的“Infectious diseases outbreaks and the fear and panic that accompany them present various economic risks.”(传染性疾病的爆发以及随之而来的恐惧和恐慌带来了各种经济风险。)和第五段的“Investing in improved health care，supply of clean water，and better health systems can reduce the frequency of human contact with viruses.”(在改善医疗保险、清洁水的供应和更好的卫生系统的投资，可以减少人类接触病毒的频率。)以及最后一段的“Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward protecting our collective well-being in the future.”(现在地方、国家和多国层面采取联合活动，这可以大大有助于在适当的时候保护我们所有人平安。)可知，本文主要讲述了传染性疾病带来的经济风险，以及解决方法。C.Economic Impact and Solutions of Infectious Diseases(传染性疾病的经济影响和解决方法)可以作为本文标题。故选C项。
