A
Unlike chemists and physicists,who usually do their experiments using machines,biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats.But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves—all in the name of science,reported TheTelegraph.
1.Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist.He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
Experiments had been done on horses before,so he wanted to try with human patients.But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up,Forssmann decided to experiment on himself.He anaesthetized(使麻醉) his own arm and made a cut,putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein(静脉).He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
2.Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress,spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid.But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria(细菌) called Helicobacter pylori.
So he teamed up with his colleague,Barry Marshall,to continue the study.When their request to experiment on patients was denied,Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria.Five days later,he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning—he indeed had gastritis.
3.Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell(免疫细胞) called the dendritic cell.He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients.So in 2007,when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year,he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues,he gave himself three different vaccines(疫苗) based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies(疗法).Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer,he lived four and a half years,much longer than doctors had said he would.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。不同于化学家和物理学家使用仪器进行试验,生物学家、医学专家使用像老鼠一样的生物进行试验。但是,有三个获得过诺贝尔奖的科学家,他们是用自己的身体进行试验的。
21.Thepassageismainlyabout .
A.somedangerousexperimentsthatNobelprizewinnersdidonthemselves
B.difficultiesthatscientistswentthroughinordertomakeimportantdiscoveries
C.thereasonswhysomescientistschosetoexperimentonthemselves
D.threeNobelprizewinnerswhodidexperimentsonthemselves
答案:D
解析:主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第二句及全文内容可知D项正确。
22.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?
A.Forssmann’sexperimentendedinfailure.
B.Forssmannmanagedtodohisexperimentondifferentkindsofanimals.
C.BarryMarshallsucceededbydrinkingsomeHelicobacterpylori.
D.BarryMarshall’sexperimentonhimselfconfirmedthatmostdoctors’beliefaboutgastritiswascorrect.
答案:C
解析:细节理解题。文章中没有提及Forssmann的实验以失败告终,故A项错误;由第三段中的“Experimentshadbeendoneonhorsesbefore...”可知B项错误;Marshall在喝下细菌五天之后食欲不振,有呕吐症状,感染了这种胃病。由此可知Marshall的实验成功了。故C项正确;由BarryMarshall下的内容可知当时大多医生的有关胃炎的看法是不正确的,故D项错误。因此选C项。
23.Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethatRalphSteinman .
A.discoveredanewtypeofcancercellcalledthedendriticcell
B.trieddifferenttherapiescontainingthedendriticcellonhimself
C.knewthathehimselfwouldhavecanceranddiefromit
D.believedthathewasbetterthandoctorsattreatingcancer
答案:B
解析:细节理解题。由RalphSteinman下的内容第一段第一句“ThisCanadianscientistdiscoveredanewtypeofimmunesystemcellcalledthedendriticcell.”可知dendriticcell是一种免疫细胞。故A项错误。根据本部分最后一段第一句中的“...hegavehimselfthreedifferentvaccinesbasedonhisresearchandatotalofeightexperimentaltherapies.”可知,RalphSteinman用了包括自己的研究方法在内的不同疗法。故选B项。C、D两项内容文章中没有提及。
