介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at,in,for等;合成介词,如within,inside,onto,throughout等;短语介词,如according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of等;双重介词,如from behind/above/under,until after等;分词介词,如considering,including,judging (from/by) 等。
1.介词搭配
(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。
①rob sb. of sth. /clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)
②supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
③make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of,from,into连用)
④介词+the+部位与动词的关系(=动词+sb. ’s+部位,可换用)
strike him on the head(表示“击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与on连用)
catch him by the arm(表示“抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与by连用)
hit the boy in the face(表示“肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)
⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb. from doing sth. (表示“阻止,禁止”意义的动词与from连用)
⑥persuade(advise,warn)sb. into doing sth. (表示“说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与into连用)
⑦buy(leave,get,win,gain,lose) sth. for sb. (表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)
⑧tell(show,teach,sing,write,read) sth. to sb. (表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)
⑨give(allow,promise,pass,hand) sth. to sb. (表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)
注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb. sth. ,tell sb. sth. ,give sb. sth. 双宾结构。
⑩say to sb. (suggest,explain,apologize,murmur,whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb. sth. 。
(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。
reply to the letter回信,sing(dance) to the music和……唱(跳),amount to 达到,加起来有……,devote to把……贡献给,drink to为……干杯,object to反对,look forward to 渴望,come to苏醒,belong to属于,search for搜……,ask for请求,use...for用作,leave for前往,take...for误以为,call for要求,wait for等待,care for喜欢,make up for弥补损失,turn to求助/救于,help oneself to随意,agree to同意,compare...to把……比作,send for派人去请/拿……,sail for驶向,起航,set out for动身去,go in for爱好……