2. by prep. ① 不迟于, 到 …当时 = not later than ; when the time comes
Can you finish the task by tomorrow?
By the time you get to NanJing, it will be dark.
②按…作方式状语,在表示单位的名词前加定冠词
Teachers get paid by the month, while these workers are paid by the hour.
They sell the eggs by the dozen. He sells cloth by the yard.
3. waste ① U/n 浪费,废物,废料
e.g. Where is too much waste, it will do harm to us and the things around.
It’s a waster of time and energy to argue with him about this matter.
② vt 浪费
e.g. The boy wasted lots of time playing computer games.
③adj, 未利用的,废弃的
e.g. Waste paper waste land waste gas waste water
4. force sb. to do sth.
① vt. e.g. They were forced to put off the sports meet .
② “迫使..进入某种状态” force + prep phrase/ adv
e.g. The police forced the thief into the car.
They forced the plan down.
